As if a Tree of Hate fell on him, after the Vietnam War, as happened to the Spanish Empire, he made him write the book.

“Unlike other racial, religious or propagandistic prejudices, this legend is seldom recognized as such, and even less often condemned, by the same intellectual leaders who boast of fighting against similar prejudices of race, color or religion”

It is very difficult to fight against a Black Legend because of the interests that support it and he uses the Spanish Black Legend as an example.

In a shameless way it can be found at the root of the construction of numerous national identities, Holland with the example of its anthem, England, Germany and the United States, in addition to the Spanish-American countries, which needed to justify their independence and their current ills. It highlights how Spanish authors were used as propaganda for this legend. Although Bartolomé de las Casas’s book was a pamphlet full of exaggerations, it was used against Spain. One wants to forget that this very writing helped Spain to enact more just laws for Native Americans in the Valladolid Controversy.

Spain had power for too long and this aroused the fear and envy of European countries and even the United States.

The Spanish Black Legend

“Gratuitously he insults Spain, common sense and historical accuracy”

This has managed to distort the image of an empire that reached unparalleled levels of humanitarianism and civilization. Spain’s cruelty and ambition, which Powell constantly repeats, were on the same level as his European and American contemporaries.

Philip Wayne Powell (United States)

American historian who specialized in the history of the Spanish Viceroyalties, especially of the Southwest of the United States.

His books stand out and are known: Soldiers, Indians, and Silver: The Northward Advance of New Spain, 1550-1600 and Mexico’s Miguel Caldera: The Taming of America’s First Frontier, 1548-1594.
He was a student of Herbert Eugene Bolton, prestigious, professor, historian and writer on Hispanic subjects, of the History of the United States, with numerous books on Spanish settlements and explorers.

The Book: Tree of Hate

Propaganda and Prejudices Affecting Relations with the Hispanic World

Philip W. Powell

The Black Legend and its consequences in relations between the United States and the Hispanic World

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First published in the early 1970s, Tree of Hate is Philip Powell’s exploration of “the Black Legend“-

the popular myth that colonial Spain and her military and religious agents were brutal and unrelenting in their conquest of the Americas.

“Powell seeks not merely to trace the origins of what he calls Hispanophobia but to analyze its impact on American education, textbooks, religion, and especially foreign policy. . . . The evidence easily demonstrates that English-speaking scholars and diplomats speak with a biased tongue. . . . Too many critics of Spain, to use Powell’s central theme, have merely erected a ‘Tree of Hate’ out of ignorance or to justify their own prejudices and activities. . . . Powell’s book deserves careful reading.”–

Journal of American History

La entrada Tree of Hate: Philip Powell and the Spanish Black Legend se publicó primero en .

Century after century the Spanish Black Legend continues

Elvira Roca explains the origin of the Spanish Black Legend and its dissemination for its use against the Spanish Empire as propaganda against it.

Maria Elvira Roca Barea

This Spanish philologist worked at the Higher Council for Scientific Research (CSIC) and at Harvard University, she taught. He has published other successful books such as Fracasología and 6 Exemplary Stories. He has given many lectures and regularly participates in interviews and discussions.

His work Imperiophobia has already had more than 25 editions. It has received high praise and continues to be very attractive for the ease and convenience of its reading. It defends that Spain created a precursor empire of human rights and facilitating the miscegenation something very different from what other European countries such as England, Germany or Belgium did. Despite this, the Spanish Empire is accused of being more bloodthirsty than the others.

Imperiophobia and black legend (Roca)

“With the work of Elvira Roca we are again aware of” to what extent the entire history of Spain was distorted and had been manipulated to offer an absolutely negative vision of it and contrary, of course, to the progress of civilization “

(Historian Fernando García de Cortázar)

In order to better analyze the Spanish Empire, make a comparison with other famous Empires in history, such as Rome, Russia or the United States. Explain their work and the problems they had. At some point in these empires, black legends arose created by their enemies, the local powers they subdued or fought with. With these black legends it is intended to discredit them, since they had no other way to attack them, due to their great political, economic and military weakness. These enemies were so inferior, that they could not stand up to them directly.

They are called Legends, since they are not based on real events, but on propaganda with exaggerations and misrepresentations of important facts. But over time these legends are frequently despised by empires when they are powerful, out of pride or arrogance. But they continue in time and end up being taken over by these empires in their moments of decline, when their enemies are most powerful.

Find the first origin of the Black Legend in Humanist Italy, which is powerless to stop the advance of the Kingdom of Aragon through the Mediterranean and sees how much of Italy and its main islands, Sardinia or Sicily, are occupied. This Black Legend was born with an intellectual prestige that they make it last, trying to justify anti-Hispanic prejudices through reason and covered with science.

Later it continues with the religious reform movement of Luther, supported by the powerful German princes, fearful of losing their privileges, before the new emperor Charles V. The rebellion and civil war of the future Netherlands (Holland) and England were greatly reformed, that they need it and used it as part of their collective imagination as nations. This Spanish Black Legend continues today, it is already installed in popular culture, due to its massive propaganda for centuries and it is easy to resurrect it to attribute new evils or distract from other current problems.

Maria Elvira Roca Barea

Rome, Russia, the United States and the Spanish Empire

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La entrada Imperiophobia and black legend: Maria Elvira Roca Barea se publicó primero en .

After the search for the reunification of Latin America

Marcelo Gullo in his book Madre Patria, dismantling the Black Legend from Bartolomé de las Casas to separatism. He explains the division of Hispano-America, dependent countries.

Marcelo Gullo Omodeo

Geopolitical analyst and creator of the founding Insubordination Theory. It spreads the concepts of “Threshold of power” and “Subordinate countries and subordinate countries”
He considers that a country in a stage of subordination can sometimes carry out a process of founding insubordination, (developing the elements, cultural and material), until it leaves the stage of political subordination and economic exploitation.

His book “The founding insubordination: a brief history of the construction of the power of nations”, received the Ohesterheld award for best work of the year. Enthusiastic disseminator of concepts such as: “Power of nations”, “Insubordination and development”, “Mother country”, “Keys to development” etc.

He has a doctorate in Political Science and a Master’s in International Relations from the University Institute of Higher International Studies of the University of Geneva. He also has other studies such as a graduate in International Studies in Madrid and a degree in Political Science. Disciple of the Brazilian political scientist Helio Jaguaribe and the Uruguayan sociologist and theologian Alberto Methol Ferré.

Published works

He has published other books such as:

• Insubordination and Development: the keys to the success and failure of nations
• International Relations: A Critical Theory from the South American Periphery
• Argentina Brazil: The Great Opportunity
• The hidden story. The struggle of the Argentine people for their independence from the English empire
• Haya de la Torre. The struggle for the Great Homeland (1917-1931)

Motherland:  Madre Patria (Marcelo Gullo)

England fed up with being defeated in its attempts to invade Spanish America for 300 years and after the defeats in the invasions of the Rio de la Plata in 1806 and 1807, it decided to take a new path, that of division. England promotes the independence of Spanish America and helps it militarily.

England makes sure that from this independence does not arise a powerful state, but a multitude of territories that soon launch against each other in fratricidal wars. These wars destroy the economy and produce a foreign debt, generating hatred between peoples that distances them more and more.

Borders and territories have changed too frequently, from one Spanish American country to another, depending on the interests of British or American companies. Uruguay was born as a country so that Argentina did not totally control the mouth of the Rio de la Plata. Bolivia lost its exit to the Pacific after some demands to the English mining companies. Paraguay and Bolivia had a war over the interests of a US oil company. Infinity of similar cases. For 200 years, more than 150 coups d’état and military interventions have prevented Latin America from uniting and taking off economically. Poverty continues to increase year after year.

This process continues today. England maintains expensive military installations in the Falkland Islands, as an assault base at the right time on the Argentine Pampa. The Mapuche independence movement is based in London and is preparing the ground for the next action. All indigenous movements are encouraged, blaming the Spanish Black Legend for the ills they suffer, when really their problems and extreme poverty appear when Spain leaves. It was the Creoles of Independence who repealed the Spanish laws that protected the indigenous people and kept them with the ownership of their lands for centuries. The independence criollos seized the best indigenous lands up to that time protected.

The introduction of free trade is the ultimate weapon to sink your industry and expand the market for English products. Dependency increases, prevents industrial take-off and turns Hispanic countries exclusively into a source of raw materials, minerals, livestock, agricultural sold at ridiculous prices.

To justify this underdevelopment that they have created, they revive the Spanish black legend, created during the European Middle Ages and promoted in the 16th and 17th centuries by England, Holland, Germany etc. All the evils are no longer attributed to the 200 years of chaos after the independences and the division in more than 20 countries. that England and the United States have provoked. To hide the fact that much of the wealth of the United States and England comes from the abuses that are committed in Latin America, from time to time the Black Legend reappears, attributing the evils to the Spanish heritage.

The situation is so serious that it teaches a manipulated story. The very history books of these countries have been created by the traditional enemies of Spain. A cultural subordination has been created. From the United States, the Legend continues to spread to distract from current abuses and to hide the serious genocides that took place in the United States, after Spain left those territories.

A bad example that is repeated every so often. The situation of misery is so great that in Argentina poverty has reached 40% of the population. To distract the population and look for a culprit to divert attention, and avoid their guilt, they look in History, instead of recent history and their powerful neighbor, the United States.

Mexican politicians attack Spain for the discovery and conquest of America, but they do not say a word about the fact that the US seized half of Mexico’s territory. Every so-called Treaty of Friendship with the United States was a loss for Mexico. The breach of these Treaties by the U.S, facilitated that thousands of Mexicans who changed country, were hanged or evicted from their lands. They accuse Spain of genocide, but do not say anything about the genocide in the U.S. Although the data are impressive and only 1% of the US population is indigenous and most of them live in the territories that were Spanish, compared to a large part of the mestizo population in Latin America.

Marcelo Gullo Omodeo

The black legend that led to the social and cultural subordination of Latin America and Spain, for centuries

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Marcelo quotes his ideas in headlines

“How can it be that Spaniards and Hispanic Americans accept the history written by our enemies?”

“The Spanish black legend is the first ‘fake news’ in history”

“Spain accepted all kinds of criticism within itself, even those of Bartolomé de las Casas, which were totally false. There was an unprecedented freedom of thought”

“The black legend, the greatest cultural creation in history to discredit an empire and deactivate a people, the Spaniards, or better, two, if the Hispanic Americans are counted”
“It is the Spanish Empire that is facing the British, who cannot defeat it on the military plane and it does so on the commercial and cultural level”

“Spain is the best of Europe during the 16th century, but that is buried by British propaganda”

“The real Europe had been made by Italy and Spain. Spain is going to give the best of Europe for 100 years”

“The conquest by Hernán Cortés was based on a revolt led by the Spanish, against the Aztec rule in which the indigenous peoples participated.”

“Aztec imperialism was the most atrocious of humanity: thousands and thousands of people from the dominated peoples were sacrificing every day”

“There has been no entity that has managed to kill as many people in one day as the Aztec Empire”

“The conquest was actually the liberation of 80 percent of Mexicans.”

“If Hernán Cortés was successful it is because he told those subjugated peoples that this was going to end:” with us this will never happen “

“Spain did not conquer America; Spain liberated America”

“Spain liberated America, and melted its blood, its spirit and its culture”

“That of Spain was the deepest miscegenation in history”

“Mexico is very ‘brave’ in reviewing its history with Spain, but it does not do the same with the United States”

“Both Hispanic Americans and Spaniards have lost the great cultural battle for the historical narrative”

“Spain and the countries of Latin America run the risk of falling apart due to this denaturing of their history”

“Spain and Latin America are losing the north because they have forgotten their true history, disfigured by the political propaganda that the Dutch, English, Americans and Soviets have successfully poured for centuries”

“Most of the money stayed in America to build hospitals, schools and infrastructure”

“Schools, infrastructures, hospitals were built, and they were all free, most of the money remained in Latin American territory. Spain took only 5% percent in taxes”

“Only a massive Hispanic-American immigration will prevent Spain from becoming a” China theme park “

“Spain badly negotiated its accession to Europe because of the inferiority complex derived from the black legend”

“The Black Legend is the triumphant story and to go against that story implies being expelled from the academic world. It is the hegemonic story”

Context: Empire, Independence and Legend

He considers that the Spanish Black Legend is the greatest propaganda creation in history, which currently remains, to discredit the Spanish Empire and demoralize the Spanish. This legend has been used to justify the Independence of more than 20 Latin American countries and to blame Spain, while exonerating others, for the evils that others have done. The United States favored the spread of the Black Legend in Mexico, to distract attention from the annexation of more than half of the Mexican territory to the U.S. Incredibly, it was accepted by Mexican politicians who also needed it to justify their independence from Spain. Faced with the indigenous movement and corruption, it continues to be a good distraction.

Only Spain is required. Although there have been many Empires throughout history, only apologies are required from Spain. No one apologizes for the deeds carried out by the Mongol, Russian, British, Belgian, Persian Empire etc. However, all imaginable evils are attributed to the Spanish Empire according to the imaginary propagating for 500 years by the Spanish Black Legend.

The Spanish did not conquer Tenochtitlán, they were the different indigenous nations of the adjacent territories fed up with paying tributes to thousands of their neighbors, for the endless and bloody Aztec sacrifices. Hernán Cortés only brought them together and organized for more than 200,000 Mexicans to attack the city.

Hispano-America was organized in Viceroyalties. The Crown of Spain did not consider Spanish America as a colony. They were Viceroyalties, with a replica organization of the institutions of the peninsula. If he dictated the Laws of the Indies to defend and protect the indigenous, creating the figure of the Defender of the Indigenous, unique case. Contrary to the English, he recommended and facilitated miscegenation. The British Empire and later the United States criminalized interracial marriages. Spain was 400 years ahead of the Anglo-Saxons on this issue of miscegenation.

Spain in 70 years created more than 200 of the main current cities and most of them in the interior of the continent. While the English and Portuguese only created cities on the coast to get raw materials more easily from their colonies. While Spain behaved like an Empire, other countries like England simply applied Imperialism.

The Crown of Spain created 32 universities in Latin America. The top 25 universities stood for centuries with a high degree of standard. Hundreds of professors were brought in and they followed the same methods of the prestigious University of Salamanca.

A large network of hospitals was created, better even than those on the peninsula in Europe. They had the knowledge of European medicine and all the remedies, plants and wisdom of traditional American medicine.

The wealth of Latin America in the year 1800, was praised by European visitors such as the traveler and scientist Humboldt, who highlighted its industry, and its standard of living superior to that of areas of Germany such as Saxony.

The independences were made by the Spanish Creoles. For the most part, the indigenous people supported the royalist armies. They had powerful reasons to support Spain. In all the royalist armies there were not more than 1500 Spaniards. As it was possible to see nothing else obtained the independence the natives were left without their lands and without the protection of the Spanish Laws. England sent soldiers and mercenaries. English soldiers landed in the Rio de la Plata, as well as the English fleet. In Venezuela the English legion sent more than 5,000 soldiers.

Native Americans: Guajiros, Incas and Mapuches with Spain. The support of the indigenous people was so clear that they participated openly against the independentistas. The revolt was not popular, it was organized by some Creoles supported by England. They passed through the villages and recruited by force. The distrust was such that they were kept in chains so that they would not flee. In the ranks of the rebels were chained prisoners who had to fight by force against the royalists by placing them in the front row of the battle.

Fuentes:

Niusdiario
Elmundo
Gaceta
Libertaddigital

Otros Libros Leyenda Negra Española e Imperio

La entrada Motherland: Madre Patria de Marcelo Gullo se publicó primero en .

The revenge of the Spanish refugees in Europe, fostered the Legend

+ The Spanish Black Legend

If the Apology of Guillermo de Orange was the initial idea, this was later completed, with details created or supplied by exiled Spaniards or refugees in the European Courts. An event in the Spanish Court would reinforce his Apology against Felipe II.

The Secretary of State of Spain, accused of murder, corruption and revealing of secrets was put in prison. Taking advantage of his status as Aragon, he abided by its privileges and was sent to Zaragozaa. There, he manages to be released and flees to Navarra. From there it would go to England.

From England, this Spanish character was key. Antonio Pérez, former Secretary of State of Felipe II, who wrote in the year 1594, Laslaciones (as Rafael Peregrino. He sent copies to the main characters of the English Court. Received with enthusiasm by Queen Elizabeth, he was able to learn about the strengths and weaknesses of the Kingdom of Spain. Provided, elements to reinforce the Black Legend, such as the murder of Prince Charles, lovers of the King, etc. But also information that in the power of England would serve to combat and attack Spain with more success. Queen Elizabeth was in charge that translations of the book were sent to all the European Royal Courts, he even went so far as to send one to the Court of Aragon to put weeds.

The fate of Antonio Pérez, after wandering around and being used by the European Courts, was the victim of the black legend that he had helped create, and died destitute in Paris.

Another Spanish refugee in Germany, Reinaldo González Montes, wrote in 1568 a book on the practices of the Inquisition against Protestants, etc. Copies were of course sent to England to add fuel to the fire.

These accusations were mutually reinforcing and there were multiple issues over the decades. Even the English and French chroniclers took advantage of the information, rumors and accusations of the writings to make them official history in their countries.

La entrada Black Legend: Spaniards exiled in Europe, more fuel for the fire se publicó primero en .

Writing that gave rise to the Spanish Black Legend

+ The Spanish Black Legend

The Order of King Philip II of Spain against William of Orange spread rapidly throughout Europe. The Spanish King promised a whole fortune 25,000 crowns and a noble title to whoever gave the Prince.

Faced with the problem posed to him, he decided to ask for help and damage the image of the Spanish King as much as possible. The Apology in defense of Guillermo de Orange, is considered as the main writing against King Felipe II and against the Spanish in general and the beginning of the Spanish Black Legend. This writing was presented at the General Assembly of the Netherlands held in Delft, a walled city and the third largest population in the country.

But his main idea was to ask for the help of other European princes against Philip II of Spain. It was soon translated into several languages ​​and sent to the most important European Kings and Princes.

The accusations were of all kinds, especially murder and lack of morals. He is accused of having murdered his wife Isabel de Valois and even his son Prince Charles. And all this within a cold and premeditated plan. He needed to murder his wife if he wanted to get married again. And he needed to murder his son, to justify the new marriage since he needed royal descendants. He also finished off the job by accusing him of being an adulterer and a bigamist. Nor was the accusation of incestuous missing since the new wife was his niece.

At a time when kings and nobility across Europe were licensed to do whatever they wanted, these accusations more than scandal caused rejoicing. For this reason it had to be accompanied by all kinds of bad qualities in the king as an example of the evil and vices of the Spanish.

In this way, Guillermo de Orange not only fought against King Felipe II, he fought against a race, which embodied almost all the defects. As a form of their individual and people identity, avarice, cruelty, fanaticism, brutality, vengeful spirit, pride, hatred towards everything foreigner, ignorance etc. were attributed to the Spaniards.

This was used politically to create the black legend. Writings such as Las Phillippiques or Antispagnoles were added. Authors such as Clairy and Arnauld, L`Hospital, Harault etc. Famous mathematicians such as Johanes Studius or Rembertus Dodoneus, assured prophecies for King Felipe II, predicting his murder and exile from the country.

All this literature and the need to disparage Spain to win over the Protestant or Anglican population. created a substrate that was perpetuated for centuries. The 300-year rivalry between France, England and the Netherlands, kept this Black Legend alive. Centuries passed, but the interests of the countries remained. Until Spain began its decline, the legend continued. And later, as History is made by the victors, the legend continues. Creating a strong bond between religions and populations against the common Spanish enemy. Even reasonists like Voltaire went to history to attack the spirit, and religious and historical acts of the colonization of the Spanish, especially in America.

Original text of the Apology

La entrada Black Legend: Apology of William of Orange against Philip II se publicó primero en .

The price of the head of William of Orange 25 crowns and a noble title

+ The Spanish Black Legend

Tired of so many wars, Carlos I of Spain (Carlos V of Germany) abdicates in his son Felipe II, At this time, the first decisions of Felipe II, created the seeds of conflict, in the Netherlands. One of his decisions to put people of his trust in key positions in these territories.

Some nobles who enjoyed power, wanted more, and did not resign themselves to being in the background and losing influence, conspired against the Spanish monarch. The Earl of Egmont and the Earl of Horn together with William of Orange who finances the operation, initiate the revolt. The Duke of Alba takes action and the first two are captured. Guillermo de Orange manages to escape and becomes the leader of the revolt. He hires German mercenaries who, led by his brother Luis, invade the north of the Netherlands, defeating a party of Spanish troops. The Duke of Alba responds by occupying the area and executing some of the main nobles previously arrested.

Fed up with the problems in the Netherlands, which began as early as 1566, after 14 years, he decided to kill William of Orange. At that time the nobles still respected each other, and royal blood was an extenuating factor for forgiveness and royal consideration.

On March 15, 1581, Felipe II, King of the Spanish Crown, issued a search and capture order with a reward against Prince William of Orange. He puts a price on his head and accuses him of Heresy and ingratitude. And he adds the accusation of traitor to his sovereign.

Little did Philip II suspect that although in a few years the Prince of Orange would die, (he would die assassinated in 1584) the conflict that had begun in 1568 would not end until 1640 with the Independence of Holland. Spain not only fought against the rebels later called Dutch, but also with French and English armies that could easily be supplied due to the proximity of their countries.

Nearby European countries, especially France and England, used the Netherlands as a permanent battlefield that caused continuous attrition, debiting Spain, which was forced to permanently place many expensive troops in the territory, as well as a navy that would have served him well in America.

Guillermo de Orange during those years has done almost everything against Spain. He creates armies, fosters corsairs at sea, changes his religion, joins the Protestants, fails the peace pacts, which he has signed, and even elects a Frenchman as sovereign of the Netherlands.

It already has merits because in the year 1568, it financed and organized the pirates (Beggars of the Sea) using them as corsairs at its command, against the Spanish ships. He then forms an army and joins the French Protestants (Huguenots).

Again in 1574 he formed another new army after converting to Calvinism. Years later, in 1577, the Peace Agreement was skipped, which avoided persecuting Catholics.

But he is not satisfied with this, in the year 1578 he supports the Union of Utrech (Union of the rebel provinces) and a year later in 1579 he proclaims the French, Duke of Anjou as monarch of the Netherlands. This ended the patience of the Spanish King, who cannot tolerate losing the land where his father was born.

Homicide and reward

The announcement of the King’s order denouncing Guillermo de Oragen as an enemy of humanity, reached the ears of Balthasar Gérard. This was a law student, admirer of the King of the most important Empire in the world, but he was also sovereign of the Netherlands and Count of Burgundy.

I finished with Guillermo de Orange but he could not escape and was captured. Those who spoke so much about the torture of the Spanish did not fall short in what they did to him. All kinds of torture that apprenticed Aztec priests.

Balthaser Gerards

Since Balthaser Gerards was tortured in a truly heinous manner. The reward was received by the family. His parents were granted an income and land in Franche-Comté.

La entrada Black Legend: Felipe II Search Order to Guillermo de Orange se publicó primero en .

The empire of Spain, on all continents

Why is Spain being judged so harshly?
Why are all the Empires mentioned, and Spain not mentioned?
Why is it not appreciated that Spain created the first mestizo empire in the world?
Why is Spain accused of being intolerant and non-entrepreneurial?
Why has everyone, even the Spanish, believed this black legend?
Where and when did this Spanish Black Legend begin?

The anti-Spanish Black Legend has been so effective and has lasted for so long that it has been assumed by both the Spanish and by all the countries where it has arrived. And it still lasts and is used continuously to continue obtaining economic and cultural advantages by the countries that created it.

A huge empire

The Spanish Empire was the largest of its time. England, France, Holland feared that it would become a world empire. He had possessions in America, Africa, Asia. Its power and spread was greatly increased. However, neither economically nor militarily they could not confront him directly. Militarily they used the corsairs to wear down Spain. They created a multitude of fronts for him. This forced to deploy its naval navy and its armies all over the world.

Propaganda as a weapon

His most effective weapon was to discredit Spain. A Spanish Black Legend was created and nurtured for centuries with ingredients such as Intolerance, Greed, Cruelty, Cultural delay, Technological delay, Lack of entrepreneurship and innovation, etc.

Creating the Legend

The crimes committed by England and the other countries were blamed on Spain. All this was disclosed through the newly appeared printing press. Thousands of fantastic images were created reflecting the greatest monstrosities and distributed throughout Europe. The new identities of these countries were forged with the barbaric Spain as their antithesis, which they had invented.

The history of Spain was hidden and deformed inside and outside the country. The arrival of the Bourbons blocked the knowledge of the Hispanic achievements, made by the House of Austria. Fearing that the old dynasty would return to power, they discredited it and prevented its authentic feats from being known in America.

Recommended reading

Motherland (Marcelo Gullo)
Marcelo Gullo Omodeo

The black legend that led to the social and cultural subordination of Spanish America and Spain for centuries

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The Black Legend: History of Hate to Spain (Albert G. Ibañez)

Why in the country that starred in the greatest feats in history and without whose leadership neither Christianity nor the West would have managed to survive, do its citizens have such a bad concept of its past and its present?

How is it possible that a nation that connected the two worlds with “the discovery of America”, that prompted Elcano’s first round the world tour, made colossal contributions such as the Toledo School of Translators and saw the birth of characters like Isidoro de Sevilla, Isabel la Católica, Fernando de Aragón, Carlos I, Felipe II, Cervantes, Santa Teresa, Goya, Jovellanos, Ramón y Cajal or Ortega?

It was necessary to analyze the reasons and the methods used (among others, the double yardstick) to build the most aggressive and enduring black legend in history. It was necessary to study how and why “external” anti-Spanish propaganda settled in the national collective imagination, and influenced our decadence from the sixteenth century, until we were assumed to be inquisitorial, grotesque, ignorant and fanatical.

It was necessary to examine how this “intramural” myth resulted in a “historical-cultural harakiri”, unique in the world, thanks to a stubborn naivety. It was necessary to update the arguments of Julián Juderías and P.W. Powell with new data and an analysis that, based on historiographic sources, applied an interdisciplinary methodology.

Finally, it was necessary to observe how this black legend subsists today, while at the same time suggesting ways to overcome it through a new project of collective success.

The Black Legend: History of Hate to Spain sheds a new light on this period. After the success of The Silenced Conspiracy Against Spain, Alberto G. Ibáñez surprises us with a new essay, even more incisive and penetrating.

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Failure (Elvira Roca)

Spain and its elites: from the Frenchified to today

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La entrada Spanish Black Legend a merciless trial to Spain se publicó primero en .

The Spanish Basques created the first industry in North America

The importance of the Basque whaling factories settled along the coasts of Newfoundland, the Labrador Peninsula and the mouth of the San Lorenzo River, sometimes reached 9,000 Basques. Sometimes fishing or catching whales and others or when the weather did not allow adequate navigation, working in factories, making whale oil.

The first industry established in North America was the Basque whaling industry. Their factories were scattered throughout Newfoundland.

It is not surprising the surprise of the French explorer Jacques Cartier, when on his first trip to Newfoundland he noted in his letters:

“In those remote waters I found a thousand Basques fishing for cod.”

But the Basques were also going to do another activity. They reached Newfoundland possibly following the whales. After catching whales, their job was to transform their fats into oil. A highly valued product in Europe.

Basque Country whaling tradition

Long experience with the whale

An example from Hondarribia (Fuenterrabía, Guipúzcoa), with its seal with the whale as a characteristic element of its activity. Many Basque coastal towns used the whale. Tradition that provided knowledge and experience, probably with many killed in an activity so dangerous to try to kill a whale.

Danger and high risk

The technique of sticking two harpoons into him was very effective, but very dangerous. The whale was stirring and could finish off the little boat. Once the harpoon was nailed, it was trapped, because they tied a log to the end of the rope attached to the harpoon and it could no longer submerge. Another of the harpoons reached another rope, but this one was too long, so that the whale could move, but not escape.

The capture in a way had to be quite a spectacle for the natives, who from land watched the harpooners and sailors on the longboat desperately paddling to safety, moving as quickly as possible from the whale’s reach.

The industrial uses of the whale

Permanent and seasonal installations

The Basques normally traveled once a year, taking advantage of the good weather. It took them almost a month and a half to get to Newfoundland. Once there they proceeded to repair their facilities from possible damage during their absence. Because of them, their old houses, furnaces and warehouses, were once again in working order during their stay.

They were dedicated to catching whales and preparing them to take advantage of them as much as possible. They broke their fat into pieces that they called cubes, so that they could be melted in the ovens and create the oil. There was a lot of work going on with chopping the whale, placing the blubber in the right places, creating the oils, and storing them in barrels, some very heavy. Once the season was over, these thousands of barrels were loaded into the galleons’ holds and headed back to the Basque Country.

Good relationship with the natives

In general the coexistence with the natives was very good. They maintained a collaborative relationship with them and helped them with their jobs. In exchange, the Basques supplied them with cider and bread. The indigenous people did not feel threatened, since they knew that the Spaniards would march back to their land, at the end of the season, as they did so many times before.

The French explorer Jacques Cartier, on his first trip, already mentioned that he was surprised to see some thousand Basques in such remote lands. That was a large number of foreign people in a territory, which could be hostile. Sometimes, depending on the campaign and season, up to 9,000 Basques settled fishing and in factories in the area

There could have been a certain fascination of the natives when observing with what courage they dared to hunt the huge whales from the small boats. The greatness of the robust galleons never seen by those seas, had to be an impressive sight, for the eyes of the natives. Seeing them sail with all their sails unfurled, was something never seen by someone, who had only seen a canoe.

The relationship with the French who came later was much worse. The French were seen as a danger, although only a few hundred people arrived, which is in contrast to the Basques, who sometimes numbered several thousand. The French were seen as a threat, since they did not get to work fishing like the Basques. They arrived and began to set up a permanent colony and with the purpose of staying on their lands.

Whale oil

By transforming the blubber, a high quality oil was obtained, highly valued throughout Europe. Its high prices, made it extraordinarily profitable, sent

Whale baleen

At that time there were few and expensive metallic products as complements for the products that were made. Whale baleen were used to make springs, umbrella rods, corsets, watches, etc. Their hardness and long life made them very efficient to manufacture flexible elements with them, which could return to their original position many times, without being deformed or damaged.

North America’s first proto-industry

Thomas jefferson

Jefferson, a connoisseur of the history of Spain and an admirer of it. He knew it well from its origins and had works of history such as the famous “History of Spain” by Juan de Mariana, of which he was as much an admirer as was Adams.

He was the father of the Homeland and the Independence of the 13 colonies. With his great knowledge of Spanish History and Literature, he was very clear about it. In a statement in 1788 talking about the first works in North America, that is, the first works considered proto-industrial, he explained:

“The Basques started it” (The Spanish)

The Basques developed the technique of industrial whaling. They set up factories in their catch areas and in them they made the most of the components, from fat, bones, beards, etc. And they also got the collaboration of the indigenous people in their projects.

Fathers of the Nation and Gardoqui, Amezaga, Unzaga

The Fathers of the Nation had contact with Basques and they were very important from the moments before the Revolution of the 13 colonies and in their independence. Unzaga with a Basque father, and Gardoki’s cousin, was Governor of Louisiana and the first to help the North American patriots. Together with Gardoqui and his nephew Amezaga, he would create a mercantile society in New Orleans, through which he would send aid, covertly, to the rebels of the 13 colonies. Gardoki, I supply weapons and all kinds of military supplies to the rebels. That deal they had with Gardoki, who helped the 13 colonies so much in their fight against England, would give him more knowledge about the Basque Country. GardoKi would become, the first Ambassador of Spain in the 13 colonies, once constituted as an independent country.

John Adams in the Basque Country

On his trip to Europe, Adams visited his friend Gardoki in what he would call “The Republic of Bilbao”. This indicates that he knew the functioning of the Basque Juntas and their traditional laws (called Fueros), sworn in by the Kings of Spain. It is not surprising that there is a bust of him in Bilbao, the capital of Biscay. There is also a statue of Gardoki at U. S.

During his stay, John Adams learned more about the history and seafaring traditions of the Basque Country. The Gardoki family, managed a shipping company with a long family tradition. Their ships traveled through Europe and even America.

A network of whaling factories

Remains of 16 factories

There are remains of a wide network of coastal factories. Investigations have led to finding a whole area of ​​interest, proclaimed by UNESCO as the only world of the sixteenth century.

Submerged in the sea, the remains of 4 whaling boats and several small boats (txalupas) have been found. Through them you can learn about the naval construction methods of the 16th century.

On land, the remains of cooperages, smelting furnaces, warehouses, workshops, docks and seasonal homes have been found. Among the remains found are Iberian pottery, tools and quantities of whale bones.

Red Bay First whaling factory

Red Bay (Canada) World Heritage

If we compare this whaling station with other English, Dutch and even Basque whaling stations, none of them can be compared with it, because of how complete it is. The complexity of its facilities and number make it exceptional. For this reason, it is awarded the category of “Exceptional Universal Value” by preserving all the main components of the industrial process. It covers an area of ​​300 hectares of land and sea.

In the 16th century, this recently discovered station was the most important and largest in the world. It is an example of collaboration between the European continent and America, in a peaceful way.

Both submerged and terrestrial archaeological remains have been found in the area, now known as Belle Isle Strait. A reflection of the life in the place, as a consequence of the whaling, of the commercial relations between the Native Americans and the Basques. The submerged remains are exceptionally preserved.

Read more:

Spanish:
Factoría ballenera vasca (Basque whaling factory)

Una historia vasca desconocida (An unknown Basque history) 

English:

Red Bay Basque Whaling Station

La entrada The Basques and their whaling factories in Canada: Spaniards in 1500 se publicó primero en .

Spain also in Newfoundland (Canada)

The specific dates on which the Basque fishermen began to visit Newfoundland are unknown, but in 1534 they were already there, Cartier saw them.

Most likely, they discovered the territory on one of their whale chases across the Atlantic Ocean. The discovery of these lands was so important to them that they kept them secret, to avoid competition from other fishermen.

The Crown of Spain knew of the existence of Terra Nova, but did not decide to settle permanently in the area. All territories beyond Delaware were considered inhospitable and uninteresting. However, the Basques knew how to get some commercial benefits from the cod and whale fishing. But with the exception of some cases of necessity, or by force majeure, they did not usually stay in those lands all year round.

Cod fishing grounds

The waters of these lands were great for cod fishing. Numerous and rich fishing grounds made fishing for this rich and valued marine species easy and abundant.

Whale Capture: A marine species of much more value, but of very dangerous capture, the whale

The glacial right whale or whale of the Basques

The Basques specialized for centuries in the capture of specimens of this species that arrived crossing the Cantabrian Sea in the north of Spain, to the Bay of Biscay, saw their catches decrease. Less and less specimens arrived and they began to chase them, first throughout the Cantabrian Sea and then through the Atlantic Ocean. Thus looking for their breeding places, their resting places and where they would gather, they continued after the whales. This and continuous pursuit of the whales, made them reach Newfoundland. Labrador Peninsula in Canada.

Some believe that it was around the year 1370, but there is no conclusive evidence, although more and more remains of Basque ships, utensils and ovens are being discovered in the area. If this were proven, the Basques would have reached America before Christopher Columbus. A theory that marine archeology will clarify over time. Although they have also been discovered on land, remains of Basque kilns and warehouses, their factories.

Liquid gold

Once these fishing grounds were located, each year they made an expedition of many months, to hunt and manufacture the catch, creating huge deposits of whale oil. This whale oil was a true Liquid Gold. It was used among other uses in lighting lamps throughout Europe. Whale oil was the best for this use, since it was consumed slowly and did not produce a bad smell when burned. Being highly valued despite its high price among nobles and wealthier classes, for the convenience of being used inside palaces and homes.

France goes exploring to America

France longs for riches

Looking for the way to the East

France envying and longing for the riches that came from America to Spain, she tried to get some part of them. But she had the problem of being able to face Spain directly if she acceded to the Spanish territories of America. She chose to go somewhere in America, far from Mexico. Some places with harsh living conditions due to its harsh climate. She, at the same time, was trying to find an access route to the East, the so-called Northwest Passage that was believed to exist, and whose access was through the northern part of America.

Explorer Jacques Cartier

Expedition to Newfoundland

At the head of a small expedition of 2 ships and about 60 people, he is heading towards America. Cartier takes possession for France of Newfoundland on July 24, 1534, raising a 10-meter cross on the new lands, as a sign of French sovereignty.

Apezak hobeto!

The priests better!

In contacts with the Native Americans especially on the coast, they soon learned the greeting from him. They were surprised that many of them responded to them in the same way. Before the greeting of the French, the natives always answered “Apezak hobeto”. They say that, intrigued by the meaning of the native Cartier salute, he asked and questioned his crew until he discovered what it meant.

This was the traditional greeting of the Basque sailors, when someone asked them how they were. A greeting half joke, half vindictive.

• Before the greeting and ask Hello! How’s it going?
• The answer: “Apezak hobeto“

they answered “The priests better”

The Basque language is one of the languages ​​spoken in Spain. It is the oldest language in Europe. There are many theories about its origin, but it is currently considered of unknown origin. It is not a language of Latin origin as are the languages ​​Castilian (Spanish), Galician, Catalan, Portuguese, French, Italian, Romanian etc.

The surprise of the French Cartier

Meet 1,000 Basques in Newfoundland

The surprise was so great that he commented on it in one of his letters, where he recounted his experience in exploring Newfoundland. For the French Newfoundland was a very remote place and Cartier considered himself an explorer.

“In those remote waters I found a thousand Basques fishing for cod”

How difficult and strange it would be to claim the French explorer, a territory for the Sovereignty of France, when you find 1,000 Spaniards occupying and working in that territory. His job was not only to fish, but to work in an entire industrial plant for the time, consisting of a port, several furnaces, cutting areas, warehouses and cargo.

The Spanish were already in Newfoundland

Nothing strange as normal in the so-called Epoch of Discoveries and later. Someone who was not Spanish, or in any case Portuguese, never arrived first in unknown places. And this also happened to the French in Canada. When they arrived in Newfoundland, trying to discover new lands, these were not only discovered, but there were already Spaniards in them. In this case, the surprise came from the Basques, with their campaigns and their fishing factories.

Cartier and his 60 Frenchmen had to leave a mark on the territory and raised a 10-meter cross, before the curious gaze of the Basques.

A symbolic gesture of Sovereignty for France, because it was really the 1000 Basques who were already cutting the Cod in those lands.

With no desire to conquer and with the collaboration of the natives of those lands, the Basques set up their fishing factories. There were times when up to 9,000 Basques came each year to the whale catching season, or to the cod fishing in Newfoundland.

To get an idea of ​​what it represented to find 1,000 Spanish Basques in Canada, we must think of the efforts of Hernán Cortés to have a few more Spaniards, in the conquest of Mexico. There were times when Cortés did not have more than 300 to 800 Spaniards. And the number of ships necessary and capable of crossing the Atlantic Ocean and returning loaded with oil or cod.

Mikmaq and Beothuk natives

The Basques needed help both for information about the area and for their factories. These natives agreed to collaborate, in exchange for bread and cider (a typical drink of the North of Spain), some exotic and valuable products for them. This relationship produced a cultural exchange for centuries. A language half native language, half Basque language (Euskera) was created to be able to understand each other. This language was used every time a Basque expedition arrived in the area. Every year, new Basque reinforcements flocked to those lands.

The natives of Newfoundland thought that Cartier’s French understood the language that other whites (Basques) had taught them.

The need to understand each other in contacts with the Basques, and to facilitate communication between the two peoples, a pidgin (Basque-Algonquin or Algonquin-Basque) was created little by little. It was used by these tribes and probably by some other tribe, to be able to understand better with the Basque whalers.

The scientific importance of the discovery of this sinking of a Basque galleon is being used as the UNESCO logo for its Underwater Cultural Heritage program.

Galleon San Juan

An example that demonstrates Spanish activity in the area, currently renamed Red Bay, is the discovery of the remains of a Basque Whaler, sunk in 1565 and built in Pasajes (Guipúzcoa). After a successful campaign by the Basques and their wineries filled with whale oil, they were preparing to return to the Basque Country, in northern Spain. Unfortunately it sank in this area of ​​America.

An oak plank discovered by marine archaeologists in 1978, gave the clue and led to the discovery of the marine remains of the galleon sunk more than 400 years earlier.

Currently a replica of this 16th century San Juan Galleon is being built, so that it can once again make the route to the Labrador Peninsula in Canada, and re-strengthen the ties between the two peoples.

La entrada Spaniards in Canada: Newfoundland year 1500 se publicó primero en .

The Development of Anti-Hispanic Sentiment 1558-1660

Introduction

The Black Legend against Spain and the Spaniards created and propagated by the 16th century England propaganda machine through political and religious means.

This ingrained Hispanophobia was later inherited by the United States and other earlier English colonies.

Professor William Maltby explains in great detail the origins of England’s Hispanophobia in this well-researched book #Maltby

The Black Legend In England

 The Development of anti-Spanish Sentiment

The Black Legend In England. The Development of...

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Hispanophobia origin

William Maltby explains in great detail the origins of England’s Hispanophobia

The Black Legend against Spain and Spaniards created and propagated by 16th Century England’s propaganda machine for political and religious means.

This entrenched Hispanophobia was later inherited by the United States and other former English colonies.#Maltby

Examples Hispanophobia

Spanish Black Legend examples:

Here are examples of how similar actions committed by different peoples are presented to us differently by our Hispanophobic educational system and mass media:

When Spaniards in the 15th Century discovered and explored the New World for opportunities, it is called Spanish greed, avarice, and “lust for gold.”

When Anglo-Americans stumbled over each other in the rush for California gold and oil in the late 19th Century, it is called “bold pioneers with Yankee ingenuity driven by the Protestant Work Ethic.”

(William Maltby) #Maltby

Spanish Black Legend

Slavery and indigenous

The use of slave labor by the Portuguese and Spanish is depicted as “immoral and pure evil”;

however when Englishmen profiteered immensely from the slave trade and Anglo-Americans used slave labor in the cotton fields,

it is sugar-coated as “English commercial tenacity” and “the building blocks for our great society.”

(William Maltby) Spanish Back Leyend #Maltby

Military abuse

When 16th Century mutinous Spanish soldiers (Tercios Españoles) stationed in the Spanish Netherlands

abused the burghers, it is staged as “Cruel Spanish tyrants and typical of the barbarous Spanish character”

and “The Spaniards are only capable of bringing slaughter and blood to their dominions,”

however, when 21st Century American soldiers stationed in Iraq and Afghanistan humiliate, defile, torture, and murder innocent civilians (16 Afghan civilians murdered in cold blood by Staff Sgt. Robert Bales)

it is presented by our “fair and balanced” mass media as “a lone actor not representative of the American people and their values” or “the actions of a few rogue soldiers suffering from Post-Traumatic Syndrome”.

Maltby (Spanish Black Leyend) #Maltby

Religious persecution

When Spaniards expelled or punished religious dissidents

during the Inquisition, this came to be known as “Spanish treachery” “bigotry,” “intolerance,” “fanaticism,” “backwardness” and a cause of Spain’s decline.

However, when Englishmen, Dutchmen, or Frenchmen did the same thing

(notably England in 1290 and France in 1306

– had ordered the expulsion of its Jews),

it is known as “unifying a nation,” or “safeguarding it against treason or foreign conspiracy.”

William Maltby explains in great detail the origins of England’s Hispanophobi

#Maltby

Theodor de Bry was the creator of hundreds of exaggerated images against Spain

Hundreds of fantastic images were invented and designed to illustrate the books that accompanied the spread of the Spanish Black Legend.

Images to impress the reader, financed above all by Gillermo de Orange and his allied with the German Princes.

An authentic novel of fear and terror against his enemy Spain, to discredit.

Treatment of Indigenous People

When Anglo-Americans killed Indians, gave them whiskey, blankets laced with small pox, and discarded them on barren “Indian reservations”

it is known as “the cornerstone for building our great nation.”

When 15th Century Spaniards fought eye-to-eye with sword and halberd in hand against a much larger Indian force, this was called “Spanish cowardice and lust for blood against the technologically weaker innocent natives,

William Maltby explains the origins of England’s Hispanophobia

#Maltby

Malice of his enemies

As a legend it arose from real events, and these can not be ignored for the benefit of one side. The Spaniards committed grave injustices, but they were also committed by men of other nations, and a comparative study of national crimes, although it may be revealing, is simply impossible. The faults of Spain were exaggerated by their enemies, and that these enemies have been accused of similar enormities, their purpose is not to make a comparison of the morality of nations or a vindication of Spanish character. Rather, it tries to determine how and why Spain’s reputation fell victim to the sustained malice of its enemies.#Maltby

Origin Italy England

Let us recognize that England is not the only touchstone for the evidence of the Black Legend, but note that the Italians could not be responsible for the anti-Hispanism that flourished there in the XVI-XVII centuries. It is obvious that the origins of such feeling were multiple. Several nations, including Italy and England, reacted unfavorably to certain Spanish activities, and their attitudes strengthened when they heard similar reactions through cultural exchange. Only after the lapse of time did they merge into the universal Black Legend of today, and not yet completely.#Maltby

English texts

The vision that the rebels had of Spain retained its appeal because it came to be associated with a modern value system. It has been assumed that flamencos sought religious tolerance and personal freedom, when, strictly speaking, many of them only tried to impose another kind of religious tyranny, while maintaining aristocratic privileges.

They identified the rebellion of the Netherlands with the worship of their own gods, and made their enemies their own enemies. As a result, the role played by Spain in this prolonged and bloody tragedy must take its place among the causes of anti-Hispanism, not only in England, but throughout Western Europe.

Military incompetence

The accusation was sustained by repeating it, and the legend of military incompetence still persists today despite all the evidence against. Outrageous for the Hispanists and deceptive for the enemies of Spain, it was, at least in England, the product of 1588.

La entrada The Spanish black legend in England: William S. Maltby se publicó primero en .